The geological formation of that portion of the American Union, which
lies between the Alleghanies and the Rocky Mountains, has given rise
to many ingenious theories. Virtually, the whole of this immense
region is a plain. For a distance extending nearly 1500 miles east and
west, and 600 north and south, there is scarcely an elevation worthy
to be called a mountain. Even hills are not common; though a good deal
of the face of the country has more or less of that "rolling"
character, which is described in the opening pages of this work.
There is much reason to believe, that the territory which now composes
Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and a large portion of the country
west of the Mississippi, lay formerly under water. The soil of all the
former states has the appearance of an alluvial deposit; and isolated
rocks have been found, of a nature and in situations which render it
difficult to refute the opinion that they have been transferred to
their present beds by floating ice. This theory assumes that the Great
Lakes were the deep pools of one immense body of fresh water, which
lay too low to be drained by the irruption that laid bare the land.
It will be remembered that the French, when masters of the Canadas and
Louisiana, claimed the whole of the territory in question. Their
hunters and advanced troops held the first communications with the
savage occupants, and the earliest written accounts we possess of
these vast regions, are from the pens of their missionaries. Many
French words have, consequently, become of local use in this quarter
of America, and not a few names given in that language have been
perpetuated. When the adventurers, who first penetrated these wilds,
met, in the centre of the forests, immense plains, covered with rich
verdure or rank grasses, they naturally gave them the appellation of
meadows. As the English succeeded the French, and found a peculiarity
of nature, differing from all they had yet seen on the continent,
already distinguished by a word that did not express any thing in
their own language, they left these natural meadows in possession of
their title of convention. In this manner has the word "Prairie" been
adopted into the English tongue.
The American prairies are of two kinds. Those which lie east of the
Mississippi are comparatively small, are exceedingly fertile, and are
always surrounded by forests. They are susceptible of high
cultivation, and are fast becoming settled. They abound in Ohio,
Michigan, Illinois, and Indiana. They labour under the disadvantages
of a scarcity of wood and water,--evils of a serious character, until
art has had time to supply the deficiencies of nature. As coal is said
to abound in all that region, and wells are generally successful, the
enterprise of the emigrants is gradually prevailing against these
difficulties.
The second description of these natural meadows lies west of the
Mississippi, at a distance of a few hundred miles from that river, and
is called the Great Prairies. They resemble the steppes of Tartary
more than any other known portion of Christendom; being, in fact, a
vast country, incapable of sustaining a dense population, in the
absence of the two great necessaries already named. Rivers abound, it
is true; but this region is nearly destitute of brooks and the smaller
water courses, which tend so much to comfort and fertility.
The origin and date of the Great American Prairies form one of natures
most majestic mysteries. The general character of the United States,
of the Canadas, and of Mexico, is that of luxuriant fertility. It
would be difficult to find another portion of the world, of the same
extent, which has so little useless land as the inhabited parts of the
American Union. Most of the mountains are arable, and even the
prairies, in this section of the republic, are of deep alluvion. The
same is true between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific. Between the
two lies the broad belt, of comparative desert, which is the scene of
this tale, appearing to interpose a barrier to the progress of the
American people westward.
The Great Prairies appear to be the final gathering place of the red
men. The remnants of the Mohicans, and the Delawares, of the Creeks,
Choctaws, and Cherokees, are destined to fulfil their time on these
vast plains. The entire number of the Indians, within the Union, is
differently computed, at between one and three hundred thousand souls.
Most of them inhabit the country west of the Mississippi. At the
period of the tale, they dwelt in open hostility; national feuds
passing from generation to generation. The power of the republic has
done much to restore peace to these wild scenes, and it is now
possible to travel in security, where civilised man did not dare to
pass unprotected five-and-twenty years ago.
The reader, who has perused the two former works, of which this is the
natural successor, will recognise an old acquaintance in the principal
character of the story. We have here brought him to his end, and we
trust he will be permitted to slumber in the peace of the just.
J F Cooper
Paris June 1832